Paulus Civil Engineering Journal adalah jurnal ilmiah hasil penelitian mahasiswa, dosen, praktisi, dan profesional yang diterbitkan oleh Program Studi Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik Universitas Kristen Indonesia Paulus. Jurnal ini terbit 4 (empat) kali dalam setahun, pada Bulan Maret, Juni, September, dan Desember.
Pengaruh Variasi Abu Bunga Pinus Dan CaCO₃ Sebagai Subtitusi Semen Pada Beton
Section: Artikel Keywords: abu bunga pinus, CaCO3, kuat lentur, kuat tarik belah, kuat tekan. Penelitian tentang teknologi konstruksi terus dikembangkan dengan tujuan dapat menghasilkan teknologi konstruksi yang tepat guna. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan agregat yang bersumber dari Sungai Tanralili yang terletak di Kabupaten Maros, Sulawesi Selatan. Kalsium karbonat (CaCO3) sebagai bahan subtitusi semen dan menambahkan abu bunga pinus sebagai aditif dalam campuran beton. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai kekuatan tekan, kekuatan tarik belah, dan kekuatan lentur beton yang mengandung kalsium karbonat dan abu bunga pinus. Metode Pengujian kuat tarik belah,kuat tekan, kuat lentur dilakukan pada benda uji umur 28 hari. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa setelah 28 hari, hasil kekuatan tekan adalah sebagai berikut untuk variasi: (beton standar + 10% CaCO3) menghasilkan 26.580 MPa, (5% abu bunga pinus + 10% CaCO3) menghasilkan 27.360 MPa, (7,5% abu bunga pinus + 10% CaCO3) menghasilkan 26.242 MPa, dan (10% abu bunga pinus + 10% CaCO3) menghasilkan 24.246 MPa. Hasil uji kekuatan tarik belah menunjukkan nilai masing-masing sebesar 2,734 MPa, 2,923 MPa, 2,640 MPa, dan 2,498 MPa. Sedangkan untuk kekuatan lentur, hasilnya adalah 3,092 MPa, 3,146 MPa, 2,983 MPa, dan 2,766 MPa.
abu bunga pinus, CaCO3, kuat lentur, kuat tarik belah, kuat tekan.
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Trip Attraction Modelling of Weekly Traditional Markets in Palu City (Case Studies of Lasoani, Tipo, and Bulili Markets)
Section: Artikel Keywords: Palu City, weekly traditional market, multiple linear regression, stepwise regression, trip attraction Weekly traditional markets play an important role in the land-use system and generate considerably high traffic trip attraction in an area. This study aims to analyse visitor characteristics, analyse the factors influencing trip attraction, and obtain trip attraction models for three weekly traditional markets in Palu City, namely Lasoani Market, Tipo Market, and Bulili Market. This study collected primary and secondary data, including a map of Palu City, market operating hours, and site layout plans. The sampling method used was non-probability sampling with an incidental sampling technique, with a minimum sample size of 80 respondents per location. Data analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression analysis with the stepwise method, assisted by Microsoft Excel software, to obtain the best model based on the level of significance (P-value) and Adjusted R² value. The results show that the factors influencing trip attraction differ across markets: Lasoani Market is influenced by travel time and travel cost from home to the market; Bulili Market is influenced by the number of family members, travel time, travel cost, and shopping expenditure; while Tipo Market is influenced by average monthly household income and travel time. The resulting best trip attraction models are as follows: for Lasoani Market, Y = -0.024 + 0.568X4 + 0.164X5 (Adjusted R² = 62.6%); for Bulili Market, Y = 0.496 - 0.153X2 + 0.616X4 - 0.099X5 + 0.054X7 (Adjusted R² = 57.0%); and for Tipo Market, Y = -0.187 + 0.183X1 + 0.612X4 (Adjusted R² = 77.2%). These results are expected to serve as a reference for the government and market managers in the planning of market areas, particularly regarding the provision of parking spaces and traffic management around the markets.
Palu City, weekly traditional market, multiple linear regression, stepwise regression, trip attraction
Koreksi Data Curah Hujan Pengamatan dan Satelit GPM di Desa Crewek
Section: Artikel Ketersediaan data curah hujan yang lengkap dan berjangka panjang merupakan kebutuhan penting dalam analisis hidrologi. Namun demikian, ketersediaan data tersebut masih terbatas karena tidak seluruh wilayah, khususnya daerah terpencil, memiliki stasiun hujan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi tingkat akurasi data curah hujan hasil estimasi satelit IMERG (Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM) serta menentukan faktor koreksi guna meningkatkan kesesuaiannya terhadap data hujan hasil pengukuran di lapangan. Koreksi data curah hujan satelit IMERG dilakukan menggunakan metode regresi. Tingkat keakuratan data hujan satelit terhadap data hujan terukur dianalisis menggunakan parameter Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), Koefisien Korelasi (R) serta Relative Bias (RB). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa akurasi data hujan harian satelit GPM tergolong rendah, namun mengalami peningkatan pada skala waktu bulanan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan peningkatan akurasi yang ditunjukkan oleh nilai NSE sebesar 0,133 yang termasuk dalam kategori memenuhi, nilai R masih sebesar 0,813 yang menunjukkan hubungan sangat kuat, serta nilai RMSE menurun sebesar 10,589, serta nilai RB menurun sebesar 2,47% yang menunjukkan kecendrungan overestimasi. Dengan demikian, data curah hujan bulanan dengan satelit IMERG yang telah dikoreksi dapat digunakan sebagai sumber data curah hujan alternatif yang tepat untuk wilayah dengan keterbatasan ketersediaan data curah hujan hasil pengukuran.
Distribution Goodness-of-Fit Test Using the Log-Pearson Type III Method, with Chi-Square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov Tests, at the Waena Rainfall Station, Abepura, Jayapura City, Papua Province
Section: Artikel Keywords: Engineering Hydrology, Maximum Rainfall, Frequency Analysis, Log Pearson Type III, Smirnov- Kolmogorov Test Engineering hydrology analysis in civil engineering plays a critical role in predicting extreme design rainfall magnitudes as a baseline for surface water volume control. This study aims to perform a quantitative evaluation of maximum daily rainfall volumes in Waena Village, Abepura, Jayapura City using a hydrological statistical frequency approach. Annual maximum daily rainfall data spanning 10 years (2001–2010) from the Waena Village Rainfall Station were utilized as the primary analysis database. Based on the statistical parameter testing results—comprising the mean (X = 324.4), standard deviation (S = 121.551), coefficient of variation (Cv = 0.375), coefficient of skewness (Cs = 0,459), and coefficient of kurtosis (Ck = 0.395)—it was concluded that the Log Pearson Type III Distribution Method was the only mathematical distribution model that fulfilled all required criteria. Distribution fit validation was conducted using the Smirnov-Kolmogorov Test, which indicated that the Log Pearson Type III method is statistically valid and acceptable because the calculated Delta P{max} = 0.296115 is lower than the Delta P{critical} = 0.41. The hydrological engineering computations yielded design rainfall depths (XT) for the 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100-year return periods at 345.939 mm, 456.037 mm, 509.331 mm, 561.048 mm, 591.562 mm, and 615.177 mm, respectively. These output values serve as essential engineering hydrology parameters to project design flood volumes within the study area. Keywords : evaluation, channel dimensions, drainage, flooding
Analisis Curah Hujan Rencana Menggunakan Distribusi Gumbel dan Log Pearson III pada Wilayah Stamar Paotere, Kota Makassar
Section: Artikel Keywords: Gumbel Distribution, Log Pearson III, Rainfall Design rainfall is a critical parameter in the planning of drainage and flood control systems. Makassar City is prone to inundation due to high rainfall and rapid urban development, necessitating an accurate analysis of design rainfall. This study applies the Gumbel and Log Pearson III distributions to identify the most relevant predictive approach for estimating design rainfall, which serves as a crucial foundation for drainage system construction in Makassar's urban area. The research examines rainfall characteristics in Makassar City—specifically around the Stamar Paotere station—where rainfall significantly impacts public mobility and the agricultural sector. Historical rainfall data were obtained from the local BMKG station for a specific period. The study evaluates and compares the reliability of the Gumbel and Log Pearson III distributions to identify the most suitable mathematical model for the computational analysis of precipitation data in the study area. The analysis results indicate that the Gumbel model yields the highest design rainfall estimates, whereas the Log Pearson III model produces slightly lower projected values. Nevertheless, both methodologies are applicable for estimating design rainfall, with the Gumbel method identified as the most suitable approach for implementation.
Analisis Frekuensi Curah Hujan Maksimum di Stasiun Abepura-Waena, Jayapura
Section: Artikel Keywords: Gumbel, Log-Normal, Log-Pearson Type III, return period Rainfall is a crucial hydrological parameter for the planning of hydraulic structures, drainage systems, and flood control measures. This study aims to determine design rainfall using three frequency analysis methods—Log-Pearson Type III, Gumbel, and Log-Normal—based on annual maximum rainfall data from the Abepura-Waena Station (2001–2010) obtained from BMKG Region V Jayapura. The analysis process involved identifying annual maximum rainfall, calculating statistical parameters for each distribution, determining frequency factors, calculating design rainfall for return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years, and performing goodness-of-fit tests using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov method. The results indicate that all three distributions passed the goodness-of-fit test at a 5% significance level, with calculated $D_{max}$ values ​​of 0.0901 (Gumbel), 0.1022 (Log-Normal), and 0.1024 (Log-Pearson Type III)—all of which were lower than the critical value ($D_{critical}$) of 0.410. Based on the $D_{max}$ values ​​and the lowest average error relative to empirical probability, the Gumbel distribution demonstrated the best fit among the three methods. The design rainfall values ​​derived using the Gumbel method for return periods of 2 to 100 years ranged from 307.9 mm to 849.8 mm. Consequently, the Gumbel distribution is recommended as the basis for planning water resource infrastructure in the Abepura-Waena area, with the Log-Normal and Log-Pearson Type III distributions serving as viable alternative methods for comparison.
Pemanfaatan Batu Sungai Lariang Kabupaten Sigi Pada Campuran AC-WC
Section: Artikel Keywords: AC-WC, agregat, marshall Around the Lariang River, South Kulawi District, Sigi Regency, there are many materials in the form of river stones that are only used by the community as house foundations, but it does not rule out the possibility that they can be used as asphalt mixture materials for highways. This study aims to determine the aggregate characteristics of the Budong-budong River and assess its feasibility in the AC-WC mixture based on the 2018 Bina Marga specifications. The research method involves laboratory testing of the characteristics of aggregates, asphalt, and fillers, as well as conventional Marshall and Marshall Immersion tests to assess the stability and durability of the mixture. The results showed that the Lariang River aggregate has characteristics that meet the 2018 Bina Marga standards, obtained a Stability value of 1571.17 kg, a flow value of 3.18 mm, a VIM value of 4.01%, a VMA value of 18.76%, a VFB value of 78.61% with Marshall Remaining (SMS) stability reaching 94.13% at an optimum asphalt content of 6.5%.
Kinerja Ruas Jalan Poros Sultan Alauddin Kabupaten Gowa
Section: Artikel Keywords: kinerja, jalan, perkotaan, pkji 2014 Sultan Alauddin street is an access that connects Makassar City and the border of Gowa City. There are also densely populated areas, several shops, offices, and other public facilities. This road section is also an alternative section for drivers of two-wheeled and four-wheeled motorized vehicles and more than 4 wheels who choose to use this access instead of toll roads. It is often seen that heavy vehicles are heading (from the direction of Gowa to Makassar), while the direction of traffic on the section reviewed is from the direction (Makassar to Gowa), especially during the hours of going to work / school, logistics distribution by heavy vehicles, with the presence of heavy vehicles has the potential to reduce the capacity of the section. Based on the core of the problems obtained, this study aims to determine what the influence of heavy vehicles passing on traffic performance on the Sultan Alauddin Highway section. Data obtained from observations and surveys of traffic flow in the field will be analyzed with the combination in the book Indonesia Highway Capacity Manual 2014. The degree of saturation (DJ) is the ratio of road to capacity, which is used as a determination of the level of road performance. The highest saturation degree value on Jalan Sultan Alauddin occurred on Monday, with a value of 0.92.. Data analysis of the level of service on Jalan Sultan Alauddin from the results is known to be the level of not maximum use of road sections for vehicles that park or stop on the shoulder of the road so that it can interfere and hamper the performance of road sections.
Single Motorcycle Accident Risk Prediction Based on Road Side Hazards
Section: Artikel Keywords: logistic regression, motorcycle accidents, side friction Motorcycle accidents remain one of the major road safety problems in Indonesia. One of the factors contributing to these accidents is the presence of roadside hazards, which can increase the severity of crashes when riders lose control of their vehicles. This study aims to identify the characteristics of roadside hazards and analyze their influence on the risk of single motorcycle accidents along the Kalimalang Road segment in Bekasi Regency. This research employed a quantitative approach using primary data collected through field surveys to identify hazardous roadside objects, vehicle speed measurements, and documentation of road physical conditions. Secondary data were obtained from traffic accident records, road geometric data, and relevant road safety literature. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive analysis and logistic regression to determine the influence of roadside hazard variables on motorcycle accident risk. The results indicate that several types of roadside hazards have the potential to increase motorcycle accident risk, including utility poles located close to the pavement edge, non-uniform shoulder conditions, open drainage channels, and other fixed roadside objects. Logistic regression analysis shows that the presence of roadside hazards has a significant effect on increasing the risk of single motorcycle accidents. The developed model can serve as a basis for road safety improvement programs through the mitigation of roadside hazards on urban road segments.
logistic regression, motorcycle accidents, side friction
Perencanaan Rute AKDP Sebagai Moda Lanjutan Dari Pelabuhan Bakauheni Menuju Kawasan Wisata Pantai Di Kecamatan Kalianda Kabupaten Lampung Selatan
Section: Artikel Penelitian ini bertujuan merencanakan trayek Angkutan Antar Kota Dalam Provinsi (AKDP) sebagai moda transportasi lanjutan dari Pelabuhan Bakauheni menuju kawasan wisata pantai di Kecamatan Kalianda, Kabupaten Lampung Selatan. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif dengan pengumpulan data primer melalui survei wawancara kepada 300 wisatawan, inventarisasi objek wisata, dan kondisi survei jalan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan tingginya permintaan potensial, di mana 84,7% responden tertarik menggunakan layanan angkutan tersebut. Berdasarkan kelayakan jalan, ditetapkan dua rute layanan dengan waktu antar kendaraan (headway) 10 menit. Kebutuhan armada untuk Rute 1 adalah 19 unit bus, sedangkan Rute 2 membutuhkan 24 unit bus. Perhitungan Biaya Operasional Kendaraan (BOK) ditambah margin keuntungan 10% menghasilkan tarif dasar yang proporsional antara Rp 7.178 hingga Rp 9.242 per penumpang sesuai jarak tempuh perjalanan. Implikasi dari perencanaan operasional ini diharapkan dapat secara signifikan meningkatkan aksesibilitas kawasan wisata, menekan ketergantungan pada kendaraan pribadi, serta mendorong pertumbuhan pariwisata dan ekonomi daerah secara berkelanjutan.
Pengaruh Penambangan Pasir terhadap Lingkungan di Lembang Maroson Kecamatan Rembon Kabupaten Tana Toraja
Section: Artikel Aktivitas penambangan pasir memberikan manfaat ekonomi bagi masyarakat, namun berpotensi menimbulkan dampak terhadap kondisi lingkungan di sekitar lokasi penambangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kebisingan, kerusakan jalan, dan degradasi lahan terhadap kondisi lingkungan berdasarkan persepsi masyarakat di Lembang Maroson, Kecamatan Rembon, Kabupaten Tana Toraja. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode survei terhadap 100 responden yang dipilih menggunakan teknik accidental sampling. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan statistik deskriptif, uji validitas, uji reliabilitas, regresi linear berganda, serta pengukuran tingkat kebisingan menggunakan aplikasi Sound Meter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebisingan (p = 0,001) dan degradasi lahan (p = 0,000) berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kondisi lingkungan, sedangkan kerusakan jalan (p = 0,172) tidak berpengaruh signifikan. Secara simultan, seluruh variabel independen berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kondisi lingkungan dengan nilai koefisien determinasi (R²) sebesar 0,533. Variabel degradasi lahan menjadi faktor yang paling dominan memengaruhi kondisi lingkungan dengan koefisien regresi sebesar 0,503. Hasil pengukuran kebisingan menunjukkan tingkat kebisingan sebesar 72,5 dBA pada jarak 50 meter, 66,2 dBA pada jarak 100 meter, dan 57,4 dBA pada jarak 150 meter dari lokasi pompa pasir. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa aktivitas penambangan pasir memberikan dampak nyata terhadap kondisi lingkungan masyarakat, terutama melalui degradasi lahan dan kebisingan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pengelolaan aktivitas penambangan yang lebih baik melalui rehabilitasi lahan dan pengendalian operasional penambangan guna meminimalkan dampak lingkungan serta menjaga keberlanjutan kawasan sekitar.
Analisis Bangkitan Perjalanan Masyarakat Kelurahan Sa’dan Matallo Kecamatan Sa’dan
Section: Artikel Keywords: bangkitan perjalanan, regresi linear berganda, transportasi, rumah tangga, Sa'dan Matallo Peningkatan aktivitas masyarakat menyebabkan kebutuhan perjalanan dan mobilitas semakin meningkat, terutama pada wilayah permukiman dengan aktivitas sosial ekonomi yang cukup tinggi. Kondisi tersebut menimbulkan bangkitan perjalanan yang dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik sosial ekonomi rumah tangga seperti kepemilikan kendaraan, jumlah anggota keluarga, pekerjaan, pendidikan, dan pendapatan rumah tangga. Namun, hingga saat ini belum tersedia data empiris mengenai bangkitan perjalanan masyarakat di Kelurahan Sa’dan Matallo, Kecamatan Sa’dan, Kabupaten Toraja Utara sehingga diperlukan penelitian untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi bangkitan perjalanan masyarakat di wilayah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bangkitan perjalanan masyarakat di Kelurahan Sa’dan Matallo, Kecamatan Sa’dan, Kabupaten Toraja Utara serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan metode survei terhadap 87 responden rumah tangga. Variabel yang dianalisis meliputi kepemilikan kendaraan, jumlah anggota keluarga, jumlah anggota keluarga yang bekerja, jumlah anggota keluarga yang bersekolah, dan pendapatan rumah tangga. Data dianalisis menggunakan regresi linear berganda dengan bantuan IBM SPSS Statistics. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara simultan variabel kepemilikan kendaraan, jumlah anggota keluarga, dan pendapatan rumah tangga berpengaruh signifikan terhadap bangkitan perjalanan masyarakat. Namun secara parsial, hanya jumlah anggota keluarga yang berpengaruh signifikan, sedangkan kepemilikan kendaraan dan pendapatan rumah tangga tidak berpengaruh signifikan. Pada tahap awal analisis, variabel jumlah anggota keluarga yang bekerja dan jumlah anggota keluarga yang bersekolah menunjukkan pengaruh yang sangat kuat sehingga menyebabkan kondisi perfect fit akibat hubungan langsung dengan variabel bangkitan perjalanan. Secara keseluruhan, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah anggota keluarga merupakan faktor dominan yang memengaruhi besarnya bangkitan perjalanan masyarakat di wilayah penelitian.
Simulasi Komputasi Gerusan Terhadap Kemiringan Baffle Block Pada Bangunan Peredam Energi USBR Type IV Bangunan Spillway
Section: Artikel Keywords: Spillway, Baffle Block, Gerusan. Surfer, USBR Type IV A spillway is a hydraulic structure designed to regulate the flow of water. The energy dissipation structure of a spillway constitutes an essential component of a dam system, functioning to dissipate the kinetic energy of flowing water downstream of the spillway. Energy dissipating devices, such as baffle blocks, are commonly utilized to enhance operational efficiency and to minimize the potential for downstream scour. This study employs computational simulation to investigate the scour behavior resulting from the placement of baffle blocks within the USBR Type IV stilling basin of a spillway, particularly in relation to changes in scour patterns. The research was conducted in a laboratory setting using a scaled physical model to represent the spillway. The experimental results were subsequently validated using SURFER software to develop a numerical model of the USBR Type IV energy dissipation channel. The numerical simulations were carried out using three discharge variations and three configurations of baffle blocks, consistent with the laboratory setup. The analysis evaluates the resulting scour patterns due to the presence of baffle blocks within the stilling basin, assessing whether the simulation outcomes align with experimental observations or exhibit discrepancies. It is expected that this study will provide a more comprehensive understanding of how variations in discharge and the configuration of baffle block placement within a USBR Type IV stilling basin influence the resulting scour patterns in the downstream channel.
Spillway, Baffle Block, Gerusan. Surfer, USBR Type IV
Review of the Level of Road Damage on the Kapasa Raya Road Section, Makassar City
Section: Artikel Keywords: Road Damage, PCI Method, Rigid Pavement, Flexible Pavement The pavement condition of Kapasa Raya Road shows various types and forms of damage on the pavement surface, where some of the damages are located on the road shoulder, in the middle of the pavement, and also at the concrete slab joints. This road section consists of two types of pavement, namely flexible pavement and rigid pavement. The flexible pavement is located at STA 0+400 to STA 0+600, while the rigid pavement is located at STA 0+600 to STA 4+400. This study aims to analyze the traffic volume expressed as the ADT, identify the types and forms of pavement damage on Kapasa Raya Road, and determine appropriate mitogation methods to address the pavement surface damage based on the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method. The result of this study indicate that the overall average PCI value is 75,65, which indicates that the pavement condition is in the very good category. However, there is one road segment that falls into the poor condition with a PCI value of 33. The ADT analysis shows that traffic volume is dominated by light vehicles and motorcycles. The dominant types of damage include potholes, linear cracking, and polished aggregate. Based on the PCI analysis and traffic conditions, the appropriate treatment methods are major rehabilitation and routine maintenance.
Road Damage, PCI Method, Rigid Pavement, Flexible Pavement
Perencanaan Jaringan Trayek Angkutan Umum Sebagai Feeder Trans Metro Pasundan Di Kabupaten Bandung Barat
Section: Artikel Keywords: Public Transport, Route, Demand, Fare Di Kabupaten Bandung Barat, terdapat 2 jenis trayek angkutan umum yaitu angkutan perkotaan dan angkutan pedesaan yang melayani penumpang sehari-hari. Namun setelah beroperasinya Buy The Service Trans Metro Pasundan, kinerja angkutan perkotaan dan angkutan pedesaan kurang efektif karena mengalami tumpang tindih dengan rute Trans Metro Pasundan. Oleh kerena itu perlu untuk ditata ulang menjadi angkutan pengumpan untuk mendukung kinerja Trans Metro Pasundan dan memperbaiki kinerja angkutan umum yang sudah ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kebutuhan permintaan terhadap angkutan umum, rute usulan angkutan pengumpan, rencana sistem operasi, dan perhitungan biaya operasional kendaraan serta penentuan tarif operasi. Pengumpulan data meliputi data primer dan data sekunder dengan metode kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan potensi permintaan terhadap angkutan umum sebesar 31.878 orang/hari pada zona perkotaan di Kabupaten Bandung Barat. Analisis penentuan rute usulan serta rencana operasi dan penentuan tarif operasi akan direkomendasikan dalam langkah penelitian ini.
Influence of Groundwater Fluctuation on Stress-Normalized Cone Resistance (Qtn) and Soil Behavior Type Classification
Section: Artikel Keywords: CPT, Qtn, groundwater level, effective stress, SBT Groundwater level fluctuation affects effective stress and may influence the interpretation of geotechnical parameters derived from Cone Penetration Test (CPT). This study aims to analyze the effect of groundwater fluctuations on stress-normalized cone resistance (Qtn) and its implications for Soil Behavior Type (SBT) classification. Data were obtained from three CPT points (S-05, S-10, and S-11) with simulated groundwater depths of 1 m, 2 m, 3 m, and 4 m. The analysis included effective stress calculation, CPT normalization, and evaluation of Qtn changes and SBT classification. Results show that shallower groundwater levels increase Qtn due to reduced effective stress, with changes reaching up to 181.56% and consistent across all CPT points. However, these changes do not always lead to significant shifts in SBT classification. This study highlights the importance of considering groundwater conditions in CPT-based geotechnical interpretation.
CPT, Qtn, groundwater level, effective stress, SBT
Characteristics of Marshall Mix AC-WC Using Ilan River Stone, Walenrang Barat District, Luwu Regency
Section: Artikel Keywords: AC-WC, Aggregate, Marshall The AC-WC layer as the top layer in the road pavement structure is directly exposed to temperature, water and vehicle wheel loads. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the Ilan Batu River in the AC-WC mixture. The test method for fine and coarse aggregate characteristics was used in this study, which is guided by the General Specification Revision 2 of Bina Marga standards. Furthermore, the composition of the mixture (AC-WC) was designed and the Marshall test was used to evaluate the characteristics of the mixture. To assess the mixture against water, the Marshall immersion method was used. This resulted in the Marshall residual stability value. The research data shows that the aggregate characteristics of the Ilan Batu River have met all the technical specification requirements as a material for road pavement layers. The AC-WC mixture used contains 35.81% coarse aggregate, 52.98% fine aggregate, 5.21% filler, and 6.00% asphalt content. Based on the results of experiments with a range of asphalt content variations of 5.50% to 7.50%, it was concluded that the optimum asphalt content (KAO) for this mixture was 6.00%. The results of the Marshall Immersion test on the mixture in KAO showed a residual stability value of 66.20%.
Karakteristik Campuran AC-BC Menggunakan Agregat Batu Sungai Lajjoro Kabupaten Bone
Section: Artikel Keywords: Residual Marshall Stability, Aggregate Characteristics, Lajjoro River River stones from the Lajjoro River, Palakka Subdistrict, Bone Regency, are commonly used as house foundations, but their potential for AC-BC pavement mixtures was investigated. This study aimed to determine their compliance with Bina Marga 2018 Specifications. Conventional Marshall and Marshall Immersion tests were performed in the Asphalt Laboratory to analyze their performance. Results showed that stability, flow, VFB, VIM, and VMA met the requirements at 5.0%–7.0% asphalt content. The maksimal asphalt content was 6.5%, with the highest stability of 1907.85 kg and a residual Marshall stability (SMS) of 92.70%, indicating strong durability. These findings confirm that Lajjoro River stones are suitable for AC-BC mixtures, providing a reliable alternative for road pavement applications while utilizing local materials efficiently.
Pengujian Marshall dan Draindown Campuran SMA Kasar Menggunakan Agregat Gunung Bittuang
Section: Artikel Keywords: Stone Matrix Asphalt, Mountain Stone, Mixed Characteristics, Draindown Testing, Marshall Testing SMA mixtures tend to experience flow where the asphalt separates from the aggregate at high temperature conditions. Draindown is carried out to understand the conditions in which the aggregate and asphalt separate from the mixture, so that the asphalt flows to the bottom of the mixture. The aim of this research was to determine the characteristics of Mount Bittuang stone in the Rough SMA mixture, then carry out the Draindown test to determine asphalt flow, the Marshall test to obtain the characteristics of the mixture and the Marshall Immersion test to obtain residual Marshall stability. The Draindown testing method uses SNI 8129-2015 and Marshall testing, namely SNI 06-2489-2018. From the test results of the Rough SMA mixture using Mount Bittuang stone for the Draindown test results, namely no more than 0.3%, from the Marshall test which was carried out with asphalt content of 6.00% - 7.00% for stability, flow, VIM, VMA and VFB values ​​that met specifications. The Optimum Asphalt Content is 6.50% with a coarse aggregate composition of 70.44%, fine aggregate 13.69%, filler 9.37% and asphalt 6.50%. Marshall Immersion test results obtained a value of 93.44%.
Analisis Kinerja Persimpangan Tidak Bersinyal Jalan TalasalapangJalan Jipang Raya
Section: Artikel Keywords: KAJI, kinerja, simpang tak bersinyal, PKJI An unsignalized intersection is a condition in which a road intersection is not equipped with traffic signal devices (such as traffic lights) to regulate the flow of vehicles. The Talasalapang – Jipang Raya road intersection is quite busy on a daily basis, with conflicting traffic flows entering and exiting the intersection. The purpose of this study is to determine the peak hour volume and the degree of saturation at the Talasalapang – Jipang Raya road intersection. The guidelines used are PKJI 2023 and the KAJI software. The results of the study show that at the Talasalapang – Jipang Raya intersection, the total peak traffic flow was 2401.4 pcu/hour, occurring on weekdays. According to the KAJI software results, the traffic flow was 3,946 pcu/hour, and the degree of saturation (Ds) in the KAJI software was 1.326. The Ds value in the KAJI software exceeded 1 because the motorcycle equivalency factor in Software KAJI is 0.5, while the EMP (equivalent motorbike passenger car unit) value for motorcycles is 0.2.
Karakteristik Tanah Longsor pada Ruas Jalan Tawaeli-Toboli KM 26+57
Section: Artikel Keywords: Landslide, Poorly Graded Sand with Silt, Resistivity, , Slip Surface, Groundwater Frequent landslide disasters along the Kebun Kopi road in Central Sulawesi have significantly disrupted public mobility and goods distribution, with 12 recorded incidents throughout 2024. This condition is triggered by slope instability prone to deformation, particularly along the Tawaeli Toboli road section, where previous research indicated slope movement could exceed 0.5 meters under saturated conditions and heavy traffic loads. Addressing this issue, this study was conducted to analyze soil characteristics at the Tawaeli-Toboli Road KM 26+57 segment through laboratory testing of 8 samples and geophysical investigation. Laboratory test results identified the majority of materials as Poorly Graded Sand with Silt (SP-SM) with low density (dry unit weight 0.33-1.60 g/cm³) and minimal cohesion (0.074-0.141 kg/cm²), while geoelectrical survey revealed a subsurface profile dominated by sand-silt mixture with resistivity values of 42.9-288 Ωm indicating groundwater presence. The combination of fine-grained material properties, loose density, low cohesion, and saturated conditions creates a critical slope failure mechanism, where saturated silt layers act as potential slip surfaces, thus requiring specific mitigation measures to prevent landslides at the study location.
Study of Changes in Coastal Sediment Transport Patterns after the 2018 Earthquake and Their Implications for Boat Mooring Facilities in Palu Bay
Section: Artikel Keywords: Sediment Transport, Hydrodynamics, Shoreline Change, Palu Bay, Accretion The 2018 earthquake and tsunami in Palu Bay caused significant changes in seabed morphology that potentially affect hydrodynamic conditions and sediment transport processes in the coastal area. This study aims to analyze the changes in sediment transport patterns after the disaster and their implications for coastal conditions and boat mooring facilities along Talise Beach, Palu Bay. The research was conducted using numerical modeling of hydrodynamics and sediment transport to obtain the distribution of current velocity, seabed elevation changes (bed level change), and shoreline changes. The simulation results show that the current velocity in the study area ranges from 0.002 to 0.018 m/s. The variation of bed level change values indicates the occurrence of erosion and sedimentation processes at several observation points. The shoreline change simulation results also indicate the dominance of accretion along Talise Beach, suggesting sediment accumulation in the coastal zone. This condition may contribute positively to shoreline stability but may also cause gradual shoaling in shallow waters around local fishing boat mooring areas. In addition to bathymetric changes caused by the tsunami, sediment transport dynamics in the study area are also influenced by coastal protection structures such as revetments, which modify wave energy distribution and sediment deposition patterns.
Evaluasi Pengadaan Konstruksi Jalan Berbasis SPSE di Toraja Utara dan Tana Toraja
Section: Artikel Keywords: konstruksi jalan, kualifikasi, peralatan, personil manajerial, Rencana Keselamatan Konstruksi Pengadaan pekerjaan konstruksi jalan memegang peranan strategis dalam mendukung pembangunan infrastruktur daerah serta menjamin pemanfaatan anggaran publik yang efektif dan akuntabel. Proses pengadaan tidak hanya ditentukan oleh nilai penawaran terendah, tetapi juga oleh kelayakan kualifikasi dan kesiapan teknis penyedia jasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis evaluasi kualifikasi dan penawaran teknis pada pengadaan pekerjaan konstruksi jalan berbasis Sistem Pengadaan Secara Elektronik (SPSE) di Kabupaten Toraja Utara dan Kabupaten Tana Toraja Tahun Anggaran 2025. Data yang digunakan berupa dokumen hasil evaluasi pengadaan terhadap 83 peserta tender, yang dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif, uji Chi-Square, dan analisis proporsi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kelulusan kualifikasi peserta tender tergolong sangat tinggi, sedangkan kelulusan pada tahap evaluasi teknis relatif lebih rendah dan bervariasi antar lokasi. Uji Chi-Square menunjukkan bahwa faktor peralatan dan Rencana Keselamatan Konstruksi (RKK) memiliki hubungan signifikan terhadap kelulusan evaluasi teknis, sedangkan faktor personil manajerial tidak konsisten. Analisis proporsi menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan tingkat kelulusan evaluasi teknis antar lokasi. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa seluruh faktor teknis memiliki peran yang sama penting dalam sistem evaluasi gugur, sehingga ketidaksesuaian pada salah satu aspek teknis akan menyebabkan penawaran tidak lolos serta mempengaruhi tingkat persaingan dan nilai pengadaan konstruksi jalan.
Analisis Stabilitas Lereng menggunakan Dinding Penahan Tanah dengan Perkuatan Mortar Busa
Section: Artikel Keywords: Foam Mortar, FEM, Landslide, Slope Stability Landslides are one of the most common geological hazards occurring in areas with steep topography and high rainfall, such as Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study aims to identify the causes of the landslide, determine the soil characteristics, and design a slope stabilization solution using foam mortar reinforcement. The research methodology includes subsurface soil investigation through drilling and Standard Penetration Test (SPT), followed by numerical analysis using the Finite Element Method (FEM) with the aid of Plaxis software. The analysis results indicate that the application of foam mortar as a slope reinforcement material can improve slope stability, producing a Safety Factor (SF) of 1.568 under traffic load conditions and 1.145 under seismic loading conditions. These values meet the safety requirements specified in the Indonesian standard SNI 8460:2017. Therefore, the use of foam mortar can be considered an effective alternative solution for enhancing slope stability and reducing landslide risk along the road section.
Penjadwalan Proyek Konstruksi Perumahan Menggunakan Metode Queuing System
Section: Artikel Keywords: critical path method, konstruksi repetitif, manajemen proyek, manajemen produksi, sistem antrean Housing development project is a construction activity characterized by repetitive construction activities, as the models and sizes of the houses built are generally similar and constructed repeatedly within a limited area. The conventional scheduling method, the Critical Path Method (CPM), is frequently applied in construction projects, however, CPM is less effective for repetitive construction as in housing development project because it does not account for the number of work units waiting to be processed (queuing). This study aims to analyze the application of the queuing system/queueing method in the planning and control of housing construction project schedules in Palu City, Indonesia. The research adopts a quantitative approach with descriptive and predictive analyses, utilizing field observations, interviews, and document analysis. Housing construction activity data are analyzed using the CPM and subsequently compared with a queuing system model through computer simulation. The results indicate that the queuing system method represents workflow more realistically than CPM, particularly in accounting for waiting times and production capacity at each construction stage. This approach is expected to enhance time and resource efficiency in repetitive housing construction projects and to contribute to the development of construction management based on production system principles.
critical path method, konstruksi repetitif, manajemen proyek, manajemen produksi, sistem antrean
Evaluasi Perkerasan Lentur Menggunakan Manual Desain Perkerasan Jalan 2024 dan Program Circly 7.0
Section: Artikel Keywords: CIRCLY 7.0, evaluasi kinerja, MDPJ 2024, perkerasan lentur Flexible pavements on highways often experience damage due to increased traffic volume and load, which impacts the service life and road maintenance costs. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the 2024 Road Pavement Design Manual and CIRCLY 7.0 software in analyzing performance and predicting the remaining life of flexible pavements. The research method uses a quantitative approach with data in the form of Average Daily Traffic, road design age, vehicle growth rate, and load equivalent factor. The evaluation is carried out through manual calculations based on MDPJ 2024, including cumulative traffic load estimation and subgrade CBR analysis values, then modeled using CIRCLY 7.0 for pavement structure simulation. The analysis results show that the existing pavement thickness does not meet the MDPJ 2024 requirements with a CESA value of 0.916×10⁶ for a design life of 20 years. Based on MDPJ 2024, the recommended pavement thickness is 875 mm, while the results of the CIRCLY 7.0 analysis show that a thickness of 350 mm is still suitable for light to medium traffic..
CIRCLY 7.0, evaluasi kinerja, MDPJ 2024, perkerasan lentur
Pengaruh Penambahan Limbah Beton pada Tanah terhadap Unconfined Compression Test
Section: Artikel Keywords: kuat tekan bebas, limbah beton, stabilitas One method of improving the quality of soil is stability, which can be accomplished by mechanical compaction. Adding additives is another way to accomplish it. The addition of concrete waste to the soil is one issue. Concrete trash is frequently just buried or abandoned, which over time may have a detrimental effect on the environment. Concrete waste was added to the soil as a soil-binding agent in order to stabilize the soil in this investigation. Timbuseng Village, Pattalasang District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi, had a water content of 28.11% according to soil test data. The Unconfined Compression Test results for the addition of concrete waste used to stabilize clay soil with concrete waste, a soil located in Pangkabinanga, Pallangga District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi, show that the unconfined compressive strength test results and the concrete waste vs. qu (kg/cm2) graph for sample 1 (0% qu) are 0.088, 8% (0.102), 16% (0.132), and 24% (0.168). This test shows that each soil sample with a mixture of concrete waste experienced an increase in each variation, resulting in an increase in soil compressive strength, resulting in stronger soil.
kuat tekan bebas, limbah beton, stabilitas
Kajian Konseptual Value Engineering untuk Optimalisasi Biaya Revitalisasi Sekolah Menengah Pertama
Section: Artikel Keywords: Efisiensi Anggaran, Optimalisasi Biaya, Perencanaan Proyek, Proyek Revitalisasi Sekolah Menengah Pertama , Value Engineering Penelitian ini membahas pendekatan inovatif Value Engineering (VE) untuk optimalisasi biaya dalam proyek revitalisasi sekolah menengah di Morowali Utara, Indonesia. Latar belakang penelitian ini didasari oleh kebutuhan untuk meningkatkan kualitas fasilitas pendidikan sekaligus mengelola anggaran proyek secara efisien, mengingat keterbatasan sumber daya dan tuntutan untuk mempertahankan mutu serta keselamatan bangunan. Studi ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi dan merumuskan metode VE yang efektif untuk meningkatkan efisiensi anggaran tanpa mengurangi fungsi, mutu, maupun keselamatan struktur. Dengan menggunakan analisis konseptual, penelitian menyoroti pentingnya integrasi VE sebagai strategi perencanaan proyek melalui identifikasi item pekerjaan dengan kontribusi biaya signifikan dan potensi efisiensi. Analisis mempertimbangkan material, metode pelaksanaan, dan penggunaan ulang komponen seperti bekisting, sehingga memungkinkan penghematan biaya yang signifikan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa optimalisasi penggunaan bekisting, pemilihan material alternatif yang lebih efisien, serta penerapan metode pelaksanaan yang tepat mampu menekan total biaya proyek dari Rp155.622.000,00 menjadi Rp149.496.000,00, dengan penghematan sebesar Rp6.126.000,00 atau sekitar 3,94% dari total anggaran awal. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa VE merupakan pendekatan tepat untuk meningkatkan nilai guna proyek melalui keseimbangan antara biaya, fungsi, mutu, dan keberlanjutan bangunan, serta memberikan dasar perencanaan proyek revitalisasi sekolah berikutnya yang lebih cost-effective dan bernilai tinggi.
Efisiensi Anggaran, Optimalisasi Biaya, Perencanaan Proyek, Proyek Revitalisasi Sekolah Menengah Pertama , Value Engineering
Identifikasi Kawasan Rawan Bencana Gerakan Tanah Dengan Menggunakan GIS-MCDA dan AHP di Kecamatan Tirtoyudo, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur
Section: Artikel Keywords: gerakan tanah, GIS, MCDPA, AHP, kerawanan longsor, Tirtoyudo This study aims to map creep susceptibility in Tirtoyudo Sub-district, Malang Regency, using a GIS based on a MCDA approach with AHP weighting in digital elevation data with 0.27 arcsecond. The parameters utilized in this study include slope, rainfall, geology/rock type, soil type, and land cover. Each parameter was spatially analyzed and classified according to its effect on creep occurrence, and subsequently integrated using the weighted overlay method to produce a creep susceptibility zoning map. The results indicate that Tirtoyudo Sub-district is predominantly characterized by a moderate susceptibility zone covering approximately 908.06 ha, followed by a low susceptibility zone of 89.06 ha and a high susceptibility zone of 6.68 ha. This distribution suggests that most of the area falls within a moderate level of susceptibility. The high susceptibility zones, although limited in extent, are concentrated on steep slopes, weak geological formations, and areas with sparse land cover. These results can serve as a scientific basis for disaster mitigation planning and spatial development strategies in landslide-prone areas in the aforementioned sub-district.
Tinjauan Literatur Sistem Peringatan Fase Hijau: Efisiensi dan Keselamatan pada Simpang Bersinyal
Section: Artikel Keywords: Efficiency, heterogeneous traffic, signalized intersections, green phase warning system, start-up lost time Signalized intersections are critical components of urban traffic systems. However, inefficiencies caused by start-up lost time (SULT) and increased accident risks remain major challenges. Green Phase Warning Systems (GPWS) have emerged as an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) innovation to reduce SULT and improve traffic safety. This paper presents a literature review of GPWS research published from 2010 to 2025. Findings show that GPWS reduces driver reaction time by 15–25%, increases intersection throughput up to 20%, and decreases rear-end collision risks. However, its effectiveness in heterogeneous traffic contexts, particularly in Indonesia where motorcycles dominate, remains limited. Future studies should focus on adaptive GPWS designs tailored for mixed traffic and explore policy frameworks supporting large-scale adoption.
Efficiency, heterogeneous traffic, signalized intersections, green phase warning system, start-up lost time
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